Biochemical Basis of Metabolic Syndrome

Biochemical Basis of Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing a person’s risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. The biochemical basis of metabolic syndrome lies in the disruption of normal metabolic processes in the body. It is characterized by insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Insulin Resistance

Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome. It occurs when the body’s cells become resistant to the effects of insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. This leads to elevated levels of glucose in the blood, which can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance also promotes the accumulation of fat in the liver and other tissues, contributing to obesity.

Obesity

Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic syndrome. Excess body fat, especially around the abdomen, is associated with insulin resistance and inflammation, both of which are key components of metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue secretes various hormones and cytokines that can promote insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, further exacerbating the metabolic abnormalities associated with metabolic syndrome.

Hypertension

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is another common feature of metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance and obesity can lead to increased sodium retention and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, both of which can contribute to elevated blood pressure. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, which are common in metabolic syndrome, can also damage blood vessels and impair their function, further contributing to hypertension.

Dyslipidemia

Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) in the blood. In metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated levels of triglycerides, low levels of HDL cholesterol (the «good» cholesterol), and an increased ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol. These lipid abnormalities are associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and inflammation, and can increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.